Introduction And Background Of Customer Service - 1450 Words

CONTENTS INTRODUCTION BACKGROUND OF CUSTOMER SERVICES 1 Customer service: 1 Background: 1 CUSTOMERS` PROBLEMS DEMAND 3 The top customer issues 3 Percentage highly annoyed 3 Customers` Demands 4 CHANGING TREND OF CUSTOMER SERVICE 5 RECOMMENDATION TO IMPROVE CUSTOMER SATISFACTION 6 CONCLUSION 7 REFERENCE: 8 INTRODUCTION BACKGROUND OF CUSTOMER SERVICES Customer service: is a marketing tem that how product or services provide by a company ,it is an act of taking care of customer demand and need by providing and high quality service and assistance before customer avail it and after service as well. It’s all about that we required to make sure that we meet the customer`s desire and needs. Customer service is all about interaction between a customer and service provider and Service is defined as activities whose output is not a physical product, it is added value in form of as convince, comfort that are essentially intangible concerns. Background: Humans figured out trade very early on. By 3000 BC, humans were setting out on missions of water bound trade, and by 1000 BC, merchants were becoming a part of societies. There were ideas about how to treat customers. The beginning of the industrial age brought the vast new challenge of a customer base the proprietor would likely never meet in person. Here is a brief overview of some of the milestones in Customer Service and where we might go in the future. †¢ 1760-1820: The industrial revolution creates the concept ofShow MoreRelatedIntroduction And Background Of Customer Service1424 Words   |  6 PagesINTRODUCTION BACKGROUND OF CUSTOMER SERVICES Customer service: is a marketing tem that how product or services provide by a company ,it is an act of taking care of customer demand and need by providing and high quality service and assistance before customer avail it and after service as well. It’s all about that we required to make sure that we meet the customer`s desire and needs. Customer service is all about interaction between a customer and service provider and Service is defined as activitiesRead MoreIntroduction And Background Of Customer Service1887 Words   |  8 PagesINTRODUCTION BACKGROUND OF CUSTOMER SERVICES What is Customer service? Customer service is a marketing tem that how product or services provide by a company ,it is an act of taking care of customer demand and need by providing and high quality service and assistance before customer avail it and after service as well. It’s all about that we required to make sure that we meet the customer`s desire and needs. Customer service is all about interaction between a customer and service provider and ServiceRead MoreHuman Resource Management Practices of the Sydney Hotel741 Words   |  3 PagesCHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Background Sydney Hotel is a profit organization which was establish on June 1991 and it was started operate in General Santos City on 1993. For the successive years of operation, there was large number of guest every year that Check in the Hotel. It became a challenge to the president, Charlemagne T Delfino. Sydney Hotel is one of General Santos Citys preferred hotels. The hotel is well-equipped with spacious function rooms for banquets and conferences. SydneyRead MoreNotes On Red Mango Inc1485 Words   |  6 PagesASSIGNMENT INTRODUCTION TO MARKETING BUMKT 1501 TOPIC – RED MANGO GROUP MEMBERS SIMANT SAHI – 30309353 JASKARAN SINGH BOPARAI - 30130139 INDEX INTRODUCTION†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦3 INDUSTRY BACKGROUND†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.3 COMPANY BACKGROUND†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.4 MACRO ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.4 MICRO ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..5 SWOT ANALYSIS†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦5 TARGET MARKET†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MoreEffects on Mergers and Acquisitions on Bank Growth1247 Words   |  5 PagesEFFECTS OF MERGERS AND ACQUISITIONS ON BUSINESS GROWTH: CASE STUDY OF SOCIÉTÉ GÉNÉRALE - SOCIAL SECURITY BANK LTD (SG-SSB) CHAPTER ONE 1.0 INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY Chief Executive Officers and the Board of Directors of most businesses often think about the growth of their businesses. The reason is that when businesses grow, they yield the best returns other things being equal. Mergers and acquisitions is one of theRead MoreCompany Background Of Kentucky Fried Chicken1283 Words   |  6 Pagesï  ¶ COMPANY BACKGROUND: Kentucky Fried Chicken is a fast food restaurant chain that specialises in fried chicken. The company is a subsidiary of Yum Brands, which is a restaurant company that also owns the Pizza Hut. It is considered to be world’s second restaurant chain with approximately 19000 outlets in 118 countries. ï  ¶ SEGMENTATION, TARGETING AND POSITIONING: †¢ SEGMENTATION: GEOGRAPHIC City: Metro, tier I and Tier II cities DEMOGRAPHIC Age: 15 to 45 Gender: Male Female Income: Middle andRead Morewhite paper template 1947 Words   |  4 Pages{date} {office name} {agency name} Contents 1. Introduction / Background 2 2. Abstract / Business Case 2 3. Problem Statement / Introduction 2 4. Proposed Solution(s) 2 a. Introduction of Solution 2 b. Application of Solution 2 5. Future Direction / Long-Term Focus 2 6. Results / Conclusion 2 Appendices 3 Appendix A – Scenarios 3 Appendix B – Options 3 Appendix C – Authors 3 Appendix D – References 3 1. Introduction / Background The Ullman, Manly, Ulysses Corporation (UMUC) has grownRead MoreProgress Report on My Execution of Duties in the Customer Service Department from 1 June -31 August, 20111256 Words   |  6 PagesON MY EXECUTION OF DUTIES IN THE CUSTOMER SERVICE DEPARTMENT FROM 1 JUNE -31 AUGUST, 2011 SUBMITTED BY Sekelagha mkangama SEPTEMBER, 2011 1.0 INTRODUCTION This report gives an account of the progress that I have made in execution of duties in my assignment in the Customer Service Department during the first three months that I have covered in my position as a management trainee, effective 1st June, 2011. The report starts by giving a brief background of the branch program for managementRead MoreAnalysis Of Lila Restaurant At Caulfield Victoria1737 Words   |  7 Pagesand more customers prefer the food to be made with all natural ingredients, no artificial colors, no chemical additions and they want to know the detailed composition of the production process. These factors are relevant to the restaurant business operation process as they impact on the production and marketing strategies used in the future. ï‚ § social and cultural factors: Australian and Melbourne is an immigrant country and city. With all the people from the different cultural background brining inRead MoreBarclays At The Annual Report And Its Financial Statement1685 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction The report is based on Barclays, looking at the annual report and its financial statement, which would lead to creating a balance scorecard. That would include the four prospective of the key performance indicator (KPIs). Furthermore, the use the KPIs to give a critical evaluation of Barclay’s performance with the use of the annual report and by researching and using the accounting statements. Company’s Background Barclays was founded in 300 years ago as a trading goldsmith banker

The Great Depression Of The Roaring Twenties - 1001 Words

The roaring twenties was a time filled with hope and change. President Warren G. Harding promised a â€Å"return to normalcy†, which reflected his own conservative values and the voters’ wants for stability and order. Americans felt that they had been through more than enough, and desired prosperity. During the years 1919 and 1920 the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Amendments were passed; the outlaw of alcoholic beverages and the right for women to vote, which ones of the many reasons society was turning their backs on Progressivism. Republicans were beginning to return to their previous dominance. The 1920’s was an economic boom for America, including everything from an increase in jobs, a rise in plentiful goods, new consumer products, and the reduction of taxes. The country was filled with jazz music, dance, and what appeared to be a brighter future. The 1929 crash of stock market was the beginning of a downward spiral leading in to the Great Depression. T he stock market crash is often to be confused as the cause of the Great Depression, although that is false. A few of the issues that lead to the Great Depression included; farming (which decreased in demand as farms increased through the states during World War I), banking, and mass unemployment. Capitalism took shape as what was once the individualistic Protestant work ethic was reshaped into industrial work on a grand scale. Each worker contributed to the greater good, and the workers were presided over by a bossShow MoreRelatedThe Great Depression And The Roaring Twenties1614 Words   |  7 PagesThe 1920s, also known as the Post War Era or the Roaring Twenties, is best known for being relaxed and carefree. The idea of economic stability and individual growth became more powerful following World War I. This decade proved to be one of the most exciting times for America. So what caused the 1930’s to differ so much from the 1920s? The Great Depression ultimately destroye d everything the 1920s had achieved, leaving behind a trail of anguish and uncertainty for years to come. Following theRead MoreAmerican History And Literature : The Roaring Twenties, The Great Depression, And Wwii942 Words   |  4 PagesThe early 1900’s (between 1914 and 1945) were an interesting time in both American history and literature. Considering that events such as WWI, the Roaring Twenties, the Great Depression, and WWII had formidable impacts on many people who lived during those parts of the early 20th century; it would be apropos to assume that many writers of that time had major influences in their writing styles out of the various events that occurred during those times. One popular literary movement during this timeRead MoreAnalysis Of Babylon Revisited By F. Scott Fitzgerald1240 Words   |  5 Pagesstory set in the Great Depression era, however the narrative represents American culture from across several years. F. Scott Fitzgerald, author of Babylon Revisited, succeeds in framing what American culture was in the 1920s as well as the early 1930s. The story ex poses the two cultures through the protagonist Charlie Wales, a business man who â€Å"got lucky in the market.† In the story, Charlie’s lifestyle is shown as one of luxury and excess which defines the era before the Great Depression known as theRead MoreCinderella Man And The Great Depression991 Words   |  4 PagesThe Nineteen Twenties were an alluring, yet laborious, time for The United States as the country faced the Roaring Twenties, Great Depression and New Deal. Before the Great Depression, the United States have been a time of prosperity and originality. Products were affordable and Americans were living comfortably. Once Nineteen Twenty Nine arrived, the stock market had crashed, unemployment was at a new high, and millions of citizens were losing great deals of money. Fortunately, the New Deal, createdRead MoreMusic in Annie in 1920-1930 Essay1541 Words   |  7 Pages1920-1930 ​The Roaring Twenties was a decade absorbed with the growth of the music industry thanks to the radio being born in 1920 (Tyle). The excitement of the war being over brought the Roaring Twenties forth. The American people hungered for change, and the new music of the era, jazz, satisfied their great hunger (100 Favourite Songs). Jazz was a brand new type of music drastically different from anything the American people had heard before. Unfortunately, the Great Depression, which occurredRead MoreThe American Dream And The Roaring Twenties1336 Words   |  6 PagesDream and the Roaring Twenties The 1920’s was knows as the Roaring Twenties or the Jazz Age because of all the dramatic political and social change, more people lived in cities rather than farms, and the nation’s wealth doubled between 1920 and 1929. There were many new technological innovations and many factors that made the United States the place to be to find the â€Å"American Dream†. The 1920’s were known as the Roaring Twenties or The Jazz Age because of many things. The roaring twenties was a differentRead MoreRoaring Twenties in American Society After World War I. Essay645 Words   |  3 Pagesbecome involved until 1917. After World War I, American society changed greatly. A new era, the Roaring Twenties, found its way in America along with the arrival of the flappers (Roaring). Americans were introduced to new fashion styles, the prohibition and the Jazz Age (Fashion, Jazz). Controversy proved to be very prominent with the Scopes Trial (Scopes). As the war came to a close, the Roaring Twenties made its way into America. This time period brought many changes that were new to AmericansRead MoreMr. Theisenamarachi Marshall. What Was The Worst Decision1157 Words   |  5 PagesMr. Theisen Amarachi Marshall What was the worst decision Herbert Hoover made that negatively affected the Great Depression? Language and Literature May 4, 2017 Stocks. I read about them every day in the car to my dad because he buys the Wall Street Journal. The newspaper has some interesting topics and it’s not a chore to indulge in as sometimes other newspapers are. Currently, the DOW Jones, a huge stock, is almost 21,047 points. That s very close to the current all time high.Read MoreOverview of the Roaring Twenties1383 Words   |  6 PagesThe â€Å"Roaring Twenties† were an age of dramatic political, social, and economic change. Women wanted new and improved rights and the nation’s wealth doubled between 1920 and 1929. Culture, values, and the technology of America changed and it had only just begun. The â€Å"Roaring Twenties† were considered as a â€Å"celebration of youth†. The many experiences that came from WWI had transitioned into the growth of cities, new industries, and new morals. Women finally won the right to vote in 1920, and thereRead MoreLifestyles of the Rich and Famous in the Roaring Twenties Essay1015 Words   |  5 PagesFamous in the Roaring 20’s The Roaring Twenties†, The Era of Wonderful Nonsense, The Decade of the Dollar , The Period of the Psyche, Dry Decade and the age of Alcohol and Al Capone†, these slogans are all ways to describe the 1920’s in just a few words. (The 1920s: Lifestyles and Social Trends: Overview) The 1920’s were a decade of parties, money, and extravagant lifestyles. The decade portrayed the American Dream of women, money, alcohol, music, and partying. In the twenties dresses were

Happy Mothers Day free essay sample

Mother’s Day is an International holiday to give tribute and honoring the spirit of motherhood is now celebrated in around 40 countries of the world.. The American event of Mother’s Day was thought by Anna Jarvis in 1908 and because of her attempts it became an official American holiday in 1914. Anna Jarvis had originally conceived of Mom’s Day as a day of personal celebration between mothers and families. Her version of the day involved wearing a white carnation as a badge and visiting one’s mother or attending church services. But once Mummy Day became a national holiday, it was not long before florists, card companies and other merchants capitalized on its popularity. While dates and celebrations vary, Mother’s Day most commonly falls on the second Sunday in May. Mama Day comes every year during spring, right after the April showers. While versions of this Day are celebrated throughout the world, traditions vary depending on the country. We will write a custom essay sample on Happy Mothers Day or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In Thailand, for example, Mother’s Day is always celebrated in August on the birthday of the current queen, Sirikit. Another alternate observance of Mother’s Day can be found in Ethiopia, where families gather each fall to sing songs and eat a large feast as part of Antrosht, a multi-day celebration honoring motherhood. Whatever way you opt for, does not forget presenting her with flowers. Since the birth of the baby, a mother gives countless sacrifices for her child. In return, it is only nice to make her feel real special at least once in a year. There are endless ideas apart from flowers to surprise your mother this year. Mothers have always held a special place in our societal and family structures for thousands of years. Unlike fatherhood, which can be said to be an indirect relationship, motherhood is a natural and very strong bond between a mother and a child. White carnations are the blossoms of choice on Mothers Day as they are symbolic of the sweetness, purity and endurance of a mothers love. Pink or red carnations have been considered the symbol of a living mother whereas white ones signify those mothers who have passed away. There are various ways that you can celebrate it. You can make you mother feel special on this special day by many different ways. It traditionally involves presenting mothers with flowers, cards and other gifts. More phone calls are made on Mother’s Day than any other day of the year. These holiday chats with Mom often cause phone traffic to spike by as much as 37 percent. That Day continues to be celebrated by presenting mothers and other women with gifts and flowers, and it has become one of the biggest holidays for consumer spending. Families might also celebrate by giving mothers a day off from activities like cooking or other household chores. Homemade cards, crafts and gifts are also given to mothers by some people. Those who do not feel so creative procure Mothers Day gifts and Mothers Day cards from the marketplaces. The day is to express gratitude and give respects to a mothers unconditional and selfless love for her children. More phone calls are made on Mothers Day than any other day of the year. These holiday chats with Mom often cause phone traffic to spike by as much as 37 percent. Dear God, we approach your throne on behalf of the mothers whom you have entrusted with the care of your most precious little ones. We thank you for creating each mom with a unique combination of gifts and talents. We thank you for the sacrifice of self each mom gives for her children. For the late nights spent rocking a colicky infant. For the hands calloused from washing, wiping, scrubbing, mixing, backing, stirring, hugging, patting, disciplining, holding, writing, erasing, painting, and pouring.

Earthquake Vibration Control Using Modified Frame Shear Wall

Question: Discuss About The Earthquake Vibration Control Using Modified? Answer: Introduction The earthquakes occurred in the past have either completely collapsed the buildings or left many of them and experience various kinds of damages, structures made by the reinforced concrete. There have been various kinds of investigations carried out, on the strength of the structures and buildings, against the capability to withstand to the normal to severe earthquake. Some of the structural deficiencies discovered with the reinforced concrete made buildings are poor quality concrete, weak columns, splice lengths that are inadequate, incomplete considerations of the design and short column behaviour. Eventually, as attempts to minimize the structural deficiencies, various building codes are introduced and developed. Lateral stiffness, required ductility and strength are lower compared to the ones, imposed by the modern codes of buildings developed. Since these structures possess low ductility, these structures are more prone to the demand of the large displacement, because of the def iciencies in the lateral strength and stiffness. Literature Review Earthquake When the earthquake is occurred , vibrations of the earth surface generate strong waves and disturb the buildings and infrastructure present on the surface of the earth. The loss of life does not happen directly, because of the earthquake directly, but because of the disturbing structure that are built, with no knowledge and safety against the earthquake force. Hence, there is an increasing need of understanding of the earthquake behaviour and relative construction methods for earthquake resistant buildings. Shear Walls Shear walls act as strong structural systems, offering strong and lateral stability, against the earthquake, wind loads and many other lateral loads, to the structures. Usually, construction of the structural systems is done by the timber or plywood unreinforced masonry, reinforced concrete and reinforced masonry. The reinforced masonry is further divided, into shear wall frames, coupled shear walls, staggered walls and shear panels. These shear walls are modified in various techniques and methods for varied applications. (Venkatasairamkumar, 2014) The objective of using the shear walls is to provide more resistance to the most of the lateral loads portion, in the structures bottom portion and provides better support through the framed element of the top structures portion. The top structure portions and their strength is necessary for wider range, small story, medium to high rise buildings. Most of the basements present in the world are used, generally, for garages, offices or parking and top floors are usually, allocated for the purpose of residence. The behaviour of the shear walls depends ultimately, on the material used, thickness of the shear wall, length of the wall, positioning of the wall, in the frame of building and several factors, such as the reinforcement, based on the provisions of the code. Evaluation Seismic Evaluation The study of the existing buildings strengthening, based on the seismic evaluation is conducted. The study has emphasized on the identification of the risky buildings most vulnerable components and retrofit of the same, so that the risk of complete or partial collapse can be worked out to decrease. Though this evaluation does not stop or control the earthquake, but the performance of the building cna be increased, by strengthening the buildings, when earthquakes are occurred. In technical aspects, the word strengthening refers to retrofitting and practically, seismic performance improvement (Durgesh Rai, N.D.) Structural Features The gravity and lateral system of load resisting has reinforced concrete slabs and walls. When the shear walls are considered, the major difference is that it is a main vertical structural element having a resisting dual role, with the lateral loads and gravity loads. The thickness of the wall varies in between 14 to 50 cm and is based on the age of the building, total number of stories and requirements of thermal insulation. Most often, the shear walls are constructed as continuous, throughout the height of the building. But, there are some walls which are discontinued, at the basement level or street front, so that parking spaces or commercial spaces can be allowed. It is also usual that the layout of the wall is symmetrical, according to, minimum of one axis of symmetry, when the plan is considered. Most often, the floor slabs are cast-in-situ flat slabs and however, precast hollow-core slabs also do exist. The thickness of the slabs does vary in between 12 cm, as in previous USSR and to 22 cm, when hollow-core slabs are considered in Kyrgyzstan, etc. Support of buildings is done by mat foundations or concrete strip and the mat foundations are commonly used for the buildings having the basements. Usually, modifications of structures are less common, for this kind of construction. The seismic forces are the basic code requirement to design and build the shear wall buildings. It depends on the country specific seismic design provisions and method of analysis. For instance, when a Chilean seismic code is considered, it prescribes a coefficient of base shear, for the buildings of shear wall of 5 to 6.7% and it depends over the seismic zone. According to Canadian seismic requirements and Chilean requirements, the maximum drift of lateral story would be limited to 0.0002, when the regular buildings are considered and it would be 0.0005, when the Colombian seismic code is considered. The requirements of reinforcement are according to the specific code requirements of each country. In most of the cases, the reinforcement of the wall has two distributed reinforcement layers, both vertical and horizontal, throughout the wall. And bars of vertical reinforcement are provided, close to the openings of window and door and at the barbells or as boundary elements, called as, end zones of the wall, as well. When the Romania shear wall buildings are considered, they consist of the walls that are lightly reinforced, having one 12 mm diameter layer for vertical bars and 8 mm for the horizontal bars. The spacing of reinforcement for walls varies in between 25 cm to 15 cm, respectively, in transverse and longitudinal direction. There are boundary elements for the transverse shear walls, at the end of facade. When Canada seismic requirements are considered, the classification of National Building Code is done for shear wall buildings, into the wall system of ductile and nominally ductile, having its factor of force modification, R to have 2 and 3.5 values, respectively. For all kinds of the shear walls, both vertical and horizontal distributed reinforcement would be required, with the ratio of 0.25%. When the ductile shear walls are considered, there is an area of 0.25% of the wall and at least 4 bars are needed, for each fo the end zone. In the instance of the Chile, the reinforced concrete structures design has to be performed based on the code, ACI1318-95. The design of the shear wall does not require considering and following its specific clauses, referring to the boundary elements design of the structural walls. In coupling beams, confinement reinforcement is also used, but rarely, for the vertical bars, at the diagonal bars or at the ends of the wall. Here, a cover with reduced reinforcement is allowed. The shear walls having perforated with the openings would be considered as coupling walls, and act as cantilevered walls that are isolated and connected with the beams of coupling and it is called lintels or spandrel beams, designed for shear effects and bending effects. The function of these beams is to act as fuses and have its applications in seismic energy dissipation, when it is designed as a ductile manner. Coupling beams are designed, having its diagonal reinforcement, for ensuring the strong and effective ductile seismic response. Joining of the reinforcement bars together is done, through lap splices or welding. Cladding of exterior shear walls is done, in stucco, backed by the cold-farm masonry or steel framing veneer, panels of glazing or steel or precast. Earthquake And Modified Framed Shear Wall Global structure strengthening is an effective and economical strategy of rehabilitation and where as seismic evaluation refers to the performance that is acceptable, because of the overall strengthened structure. This unacceptable performance can be identified, during the occurrence of global inelastic onset behaviour, at ground levels shaking, which are lesser substantially, compared to the design levels of the code. The ground motion threshold value can be raised possibly, by the introduction of additional strength to this resisting system of lateral force. Braced frames and shear walls are considered as the important elements, made use for the same purpose. However, sufficient stiffness has to be assured, compared to the building, supplementing. It demands the design to have all the lateral resistance of the structure. It is needed, when it is desired, since the existing members possess, inelastic strength at very little value. When a new structural system is added to the buildin g that exists, would change the complete buildings dynamic behaviour automatically to a considerable extent, when earthquake is occurred. The choice of the size and number of the elements added and type of the element depends on the existing buildings vulnerability and also on the buildings functional layout. Shear walls can possibly provide the earthquake resistance, needed for the building structure, which is the most significant part, because of the lateral strength and greater stiffness. Earthquake And Building Performance There are close to six severe earthquakes of more than 8.0+ degree and have been eminent during the nineteenth century. These major and extreme loss earthquakes have taught significant lessons to the society and to the governments. Here, only a small number of buildings made with reinforced concrete are subjected and affected to these eminent earthquakes. Important Studies There has been an important study conducted for the epoxy grouted dowels guidelines in the projects of seismic strengthening. The existing concrete structures are to be used either to improve the seismic performance of the structures, towards stronger existence in the future or to rebuild the buildings with enough strength, in the earthquake regions, after the earthquakes are occurred. The strength of the buildings can be bettered, by adding a new steel member or adding a new concrete, to the structures existing. The best choice is the epoxy grouted dowels, because of the ease fo the epoxy resins installation and improved strength of the same. Creep concern is precluded, for the dowels short term loading, from the seismic loading. As the concrete mass is used to grout the dowels, enough insulation would be needed for the epoxy protection, from the sources of heat, like fire (Wylli, 1988). Another study has been conducted by National Research Council of Canada, with the objective of exploring and developing the building structures seismic upgrade guidelines. The fact discovered is that most of the buildings, in Canada, India and many other earthquake prone areas, are built with the older technology and were built with hardly any understanding and knowledge of resistance of earthquake. Eventually, these buildings are now found to be unsafe, when checked their strengths, against the present building codes. Hence, the code requirement can be justified, only for the new buildings. It is because, attempt to evaluate the existing buildings demand huge cost, for upgrade of the existing buildings and the heritage value would be easily destructed. Hence, a new set of procedures are developed as alternatives, by NRC and have published, in the Seismic Evaluation of Existing Building Guidelines. These guidelines are presently known and referred as Guidelines for Seismic Evaluation (NRC, Canada, 1995). The guidelines emphasize the use of the shear walls. These shear walls usually are made up of reinforced masonry, reinforced concrete, steel or plywood on studs. The new system is guided to place wither in the interior of the building, as interior walls or also as exterior walls, or in the form of bracing. It is also seen as buttresses, outside the building. (NRC, Canada, 1995) The study has been advanced with the recent retrofit of RC shear wall. The reinforced concrete shear walls are considered to provide better stiffness, lateral strength and better capacity of energy dissipation and so give better resistance against the lateral loads that are occurred from the wind loading or earthquakes. Hence, these RC shear walls have given better and wider applications in the buildings both in medium to high-rise, covering both residential and commercial purpose buildings. The RC shear walls have gone through various modifications, in the aspect of their design, in the past decades. So, they are presently have the capability to adopt for both the new construction and strengthen the older constructions. The modern principles of capacity design and performance evaluation methods adopted are the major and significant advances, worth noting in the earthquake engineering advancement. So, an opportunity has been found to develop and enhance the seismic performance of the older buildings, by adopting the modern technology of adopting the RC shear walls. Hence, RC shear walls are found to match the need of the new seismic design techniques, based on the performance (Galal El-Sokkary, 2008). The modern technology makes use of various retrofit techniques, with the help of various kinds of materials, like concrete, shape memory alloys, steel, fiber-reinforced polymers, all adopted, differently with different techniques of retrofit, towards upgrading the existing building seismic resistance. A massive destructive earthquake in Turkey has taken lives of many residents and caused huge loss of infrastructure and buildings. The study conducted on the strength of the buildings, have revealed the fact that these buildings and reinforced concrete have no enough rigidity and strength, to withstand the earthquakes. Hence, the loss of the lives and property are recorded to be huge. The method of strengthening that could have been used in these kinds of RC buildings is the RC shear walls or infill walls application, in the buildings frame openings. An attempt was made to retrofit these buildings, which are in unsafe conditions, since these buildings were in heavy risk conditions. However, people were not ready to rehabilitate easily, their buildings. So, easier methods were explored fro application, without vacating these buildings, to strengthen these structures. The application method for retrofit is the external shear wall application. These shear walls made of reinforced concrete and applied on the structures external surface. The retrofit technique made use of total 7 test samples, in the geometrical scale of and 1/3rd and the retrofitting technique performance is analyzed. The technique involved the shear wall, leaning over the frame, from the strengthening techniques and application of external shear wall building. The design includes some space, between the external shear wall and frame, by connecting the elements, through coupling beam (Kaltakci et al, 2010). Another study has been conducted on the RC building seismic strength, through exterior shear wall. Seismic loadings were simulated, through the two stories framed model structures testing, under cyclic lateral sway, reversed and imposed. The study has reported the findings that the shear walls implemented to the system of structure has shown greater improvement to the bare frame capacity, as anticipated (Kaplan et al. 2011). Performance During Earthquake The type of building is the earthquake resistance consideration. Most of the reports show the good behaviour, during the past earthquakes. These buildings unfavourable earthquake performance is because of the construction quality that is inadequate and was in Moldova case. Other factors are inadequate detailing and amount in wall reinforcement and wall density in longitudinal direction and lateral confinement lack within the walls and the elements of boundary. The possible deficiencies that could affect the seismic performance, adversely, for this kind of construction are soft-story mechanism, reduced density of wall and their effects. Conclusion Earthquake either damages the structures of the building or collapses completely and the result is based purely on the kind of construction and its strength. The important factor that influences the result is the reinforcement concrete. The performance of the building is also influenced by the severity of the earthquake. Shear walls are considered to be an important factor that can be controlled with the specification of the building code. The specification of the building code varies for each region, according to the seismic affect and possibility in the same region. The objective is to increase the lateral loads portion resistance for the structures. Seismic evaluation is done for each zone to develop the building code and according to it, structural features are defined and followed, in each region. Earthquake affects and influences can be better controlled with the modified framed shear walls, according to the possibility and severity of earthquake in each region. There have been many studies conducted for the shear wall design and presented. References ACI, 2001. Building Code Requirements for Reinforced Concrete Buildings, ACI Committee 318, Farmington Hills, MI. Chung, H. S., Moon, B. W., Lee, S. K. and Park, J. H. 2009. Seismic performance of friction dampers using flexure of RC shear wall system. The Structural Design of Tall and Special Buildings. Dr. Durgesh C. R, n.d. Seismic Evaluation and Strengthening Of Existing Buildings, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur Galal, K. and El-sokkary, H. 2008. Recent Advancements in Retrofit of RC Shear Walls, The 14th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering. Beijing. China. Kaltakci, M. Y., Arslan, M. H., Yilmaz, U. S. and Arslan, H. D. 2008. A new approach on the strengthening of primary school buildings in Turkey. An application of external shear wall Build and Environ. 43(6): 983990. Kaltakci, M. Y., Ozturk, M. and Arslan, M. H. 2010. An Experimental Investigation for External RC Shear Wall Applications, Natural hazards and earth system sciences. Kaplan, H., Yilmaz, S., NihatCetinkaya and Ergintimtay, 2011. Seismic Strengthening Of RC Structures With Exterior Shear Walls, Indian Academy of Sciences sadhana Vol. 36, Part 1. Li, H., Mao, C. X. and Ou, J. P. 2008. Experimental and theoretical study on two types of shape memory alloy devices Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics. 37:3,407-426. Llyod, N. A. and Rangan, B. V. 2010. Geopolymer concrete with fly ash. Second International Conference on Sustainable Construction Materials and Technologies Mao, C. X., Wang, Z. Y., Zhang, L. Q., Li, H. Ou, J. P. 2012, Seismic Performance of RC Frame-Shear Wall Structure with Novel Shape Memory Alloy Dampers in Coupling Beams 15 WCEE. Memon F A, Nuruddin M F, Demie S, and Shafiq N 2011 International Journal of Civil, Environmental, Structural, Construction and Architectural Engineering. N.A. 1993. Ductile Detailing of ReinforcedConcrete Structures Subjected to Seismic Forces -Code of Practice IS. N.A. 2000. Plain and Reinforced Concrete-Code Practice IS N.A. 2002. Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structure IS. NRCC. 1995. Guideline for Seismic Upgrading Of Building Structures, National Research Council of Canada, NRCC. Park, W. S. and Yun, H. D. 2006. Seismic behaviour and design of steel coupling beams in a hybrid coupled shear wall systems. Nuclear Engineering and Design 236:23,2472-2484. ParmodSharan, Earthquake Vibration Control Using Modified Framed Shear Wall A Review. International Journal of Engineerign and Management Research, Vol. 6. B. BRCM-CET, India Pham, L. Earthquake Loadings and Steel Structures. CSIRO Division of Building Construction and Engineering, Australia. Ramkumar G, Sundarkumar S, and Sivakumar, A. 2015. Development of steel fibre reinforced geopolymer concrete. International Journal of Advanced Research In Science and Engineering (IJARSE) Teng, J., Ma, B. T., Zhou, Z. G. and Lu, Z. X. 2007. Key technique of energy dissipating damper on coupling beam to improve seismic-resistance performance of coupling shear wall structures. Earthquake Resistance Engineering and Retrofitting. Kumar, N. V., SurendraBabu.R, UshaKranti. J. 2014. Shear Walls A Review. International Journal Of Innovative Research In Science, Engineering And Technology, Vol. 3, Issue 2. Wei, A. F. and Ai, L. 2006. Design and study of coupling beam in seismic resistant RC shear wall structure. Architecture Technology. William, D. B. and Terry, R. 2002. Measured Shortening and Its Effects in a Chicago High-rise Building. Wylli Jr., 1988. Guidelines for Epoxy Grouted Dowels in Seismic Strengthening Projects, Ninth world conference on Earthquake Engineering. Vol. III. Tokyo. JAPAN. Yuksel, S. B. 2008. Slit-connected coupling beams for tunnel-form building structures. The Structural Design of Tall and Special Buildings.

Paradigms in Social Science

How To Spell Renown

How To Spell Renown How To Spell Renown How To Spell Renown By Maeve Maddox When I saw the phrase â€Å"world-renouned architect E. Fay Jones† in a local newspaper, I wondered if it could be more than a one-time typo, so I did a Web search to see if anyone else is spelling renown as renoun or renowned as renouned. I wasn’t too bothered to find the misspelling renoun on sites like TripAdvisor and Yelp, but I was surprised to find it on university sites and in published books. Here are four examples from such sources: INCORRECT: Dr. Angelillo had the distinct privilege to train under the auspices of Dr. Angelo Taranta, a  world renoun  Rheumatologist at Cabrini Medical Center in N.Y.C.,  The Hardcore Facts: What Every Athlete Needs to Know Today about Sports, iUniverse, 2009. CORRECT : Dr. Angelillo had the distinct privilege to train under the auspices of Dr. Angelo Taranta, a  world-renowned  rheumatologist at Cabrini Medical Center in N.Y.C. INCORRECT: World-Renouned Flutists Sir James and Lady Jeanne Galway Perform in the Kimmel Center’s World Pop Mix Series- Lights up, Kimmel Center of the Performing Arts. CORRECT : World-Renowned Flutists Sir James and Lady Jeanne Galway Perform in the Kimmel Center’s World Pop Mix Series INCORRECT: Cap Jazz Series: An annual series featuring world renouned jazz artists that represent both traditional and contemporary styles.- Capilano University (Canada). CORRECT : Cap Jazz Series: An annual series featuring world-renowned jazz artists that represent both traditional and contemporary styles. INCORRECT: Prior to USC, Chef held positions as Executive Chef for SBE, the Royale Group, Innovative Dining Group the world renouned Citrine in Hollywood, CA.- USC Hospitality (University of Southern California) CORRECT : Prior to USC, Chef held positions as Executive Chef for SBE, the Royale Group, Innovative Dining Group the world-renowned Citrine in Hollywood, CA. The adjective world-renowned means â€Å"familiar to people all over the world.† It is hyphenated. As a noun, renown is â€Å"the fact or condition of being widely known or talked about.† Renown entered English in the 14th century from French. It entered the language spelled renoun, but by Shakespeare’s time it was spelled with a w. The spelling renown was well established by the end of the 17th century. The OED’s most recent example of renown used as a verb is dated 1920, but I found one from 2014 on a poker site: â€Å"It was by the age 21, he renowned himself for his victory by entering as an amateur player, who made a record in winning the main event at the younger age.† The use of renown as a transitive verb is defensible, but it sounds odd to me. The OED mentions the use of renown as an adjective, labeling the usage â€Å"chiefly North American,† and provides citations from The Nebraska Bee-keeper (1893), Ebony (1965), The Nairobi Daily Nation (1989), and The Chicago Tribune (2008). Here’s the example from the Tribune: The $50 million Crystal Bridges Museum was designed by renown Israeli-American architect Moshe Safdie. I’m an American speaker and this use of renown in place of renowned strikes me as jarringly incorrect- Chicago Tribune notwithstanding. Bottom line: The preferred spellings are renown, renowned, and world-renowned. And for all practical purposes, renown is not an adjective. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Spelling category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:7 Classes and Types of PhrasesHow to Play HQ Words: Cheats, Tips and TricksAppropriate vs. Apropos vs. Apt

Data Mining Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Data Mining - Essay Example Data mining has different components, but the most significant is defining the problem, evaluating the available data and developing predictive models. (b). Associations discovery for the commodities sold to consumers helps the retailer or other business to capture the unique identifier of a given product. Through capturing this information, the seller is able to analyze the data, so that they can learn the purchasing behavior of their customers. The information derived is used to support business-related strategies and applications like inventory management, marketing promotions and customer relations management. (c). Mining information on web usage is very important to the effective management of websites, planning the development of adaptive websites, administering business and support services, increasing personalization as well as analyzing the flow of network traffic. Further, fast business growth of businesses forces businesses and customers to face a different situation, wher e competition plays a major role in determining the strategies adopted by businesses (Greene, 2012). On the other hand, the customer is exposed to more options to choose from, therefore, will need to follow the businesses that depict more value. For example, through discovering that many customers of a given business come from teen customers, may help the company to adjust their targeting outlook, to ensure that it targets the focus group better. (d). Clustering analysis traces groups of data entities or objects that are similar in certain aspects. The members of the different groups are supposed to be more similar to other members, and different from the members of other clusters. The target of clustering is the discovery of high-quality groups, where inter-cluster similarity is lowest but intra-cluster similarity is highest. Through establishing the highest inter-cluster similarity, the characteristics of the members are used or viewed as the customer information that can be track ed or targeted to increase the impact of the business, among the given high-quality cluster. 2. The reliability of data mining algorithms can be done through the validation of data mining modes. The process involves the assessment of the performance of the mining models against real data. This is done through understanding the characteristics and the quality of the algorithms before deploying them into the production environment (Chung, & Gray, 1999). To determine the reliability of data mining algorithms, the deployment of different statistical validity measures is checked, towards determining whether there are issues in the model or the data. The reliability of data mining algorithms is determined through the scalability of the clustering techniques. This is particularly true, in the case of large data sets, where space and speed are high. For example – in the case that the algorithm –in the case of a database that contains millions of records, shows linear or close to linear time complexity, which demonstrates that the reliability of the algorithm is high. The reliability of the algorithm can be determined throug

Ethics and corporate responsiblity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Ethics and corporate responsiblity - Essay Example This is because, the subjection of employees to unpleasant working conditions serves to lower their morale, while at the same time exposing them to dangers, hazards and risks associated with the workplace, which in turn lowers the productivity of the workers, due to injuries, illnesses and intolerable working conditions. The Colberia’s indigenous population is subjected to intolerable working conditions, where the natives have to walk five (5) miles into and out of the jungle to harvest plants that are used in the manufacturing of the drugs by the CompCARE pharmacy, often carrying baskets that weigh up to fifty (50) pounds, when full, yet the indigenous workers are only paid $1 a day. The subjection of the indigenous population to such harsh working conditions, while still paying them the meager pay is unethical on the part of PharmaCARE. Further, the living conditions of the Colberia’s indigenous population is pathetic, while compared to the living standards of the PharmaCARE executives, with the natives living in primitive huts that have neither running water nor electricity. In contrast, the company’s executives live in a luxury compound that has luxurious facilities such as golf course, swimming pool and tennis courts. Similarly, the company’s rank-and-file workers are subjected to hazardous working conditions, where they are exposed to toxins and other pollutants that have affected their health drastically, causing most of them to fall ill and thus lose most of their productive working time to sick leaves. Further, the company has failed to take responsibility over the illness of the workers,and is instead threatening to sack the workers who have raised concern over the non-conducive working conditions they are exposed to. Thus, the PharmaCARE’s treatment of the Colberia’s indigenous population and its rank-and-file workers versus that of its executives is inequitable,

Invasive Species Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Invasive Species - Essay Example However, on the southern coastlines, loss of mussel Perna perna's habitat has not been as extensive to the competing Mediterranean native mussel Mytilis galloprovincialis. On land, acacia species have been most detrimental to the bioregion, as their land usage expands rapidly. Mature acacias proliferate their seeds and access huge expanses of land. The acacia species Acacia dealbata, Acacia mearnsii, Acacia longifolia, Acacia baileyana, Acacia decurrens, and Acacia Cyclops have overtaken more indigenous species, by changing soil nutrition and taking habitat. The difficulty in controlling acacias is problematic due to the community's use of many acacia species as kindling. Likewise, acacia species stabilise the soil; indeed they were introduced by agriculturalists for the very reason. While having stabilized the soil, they've encroached on the South African fynbos vegetation. At the same time, the increased agricultural usage of the land has hindered the nesting habits of the bird species Black Harriet Circus maurus. In order to counter the multiple problems associated with the acacia encroachment, researchers searched for natural enemy wasps of the Br uchophagus line, specifically Bruchophagus acaciae, Bruchophagus orarius, and Bruchophagus interior, with the purpose of hindering acacia seed proliferation. The acacia has not been the only species introduced for the purpose of stabilizing the soil. Marram grasses were introduced in order to stabilise shifting sand dunes that flooded the South African plains and made agriculture difficult. The Marram grass Amophilia arenaria has been praised for its ability to provide an amiable habitat for the native species of the area. Due to the complexity of alien species and their influences to the diversity of native flora and fauna, investigations and attempts have been made to counteract the process, or at very least, record it. South African Biodiversity Biodiversity along the Southern African shorelines is unique in that its species have evolved and thrived due to the confluence of two distinct water masses. The Agulhas current flows alongside the eastern shores of South Africa, while the west coast is characterised by colder deeper waters (Peschack, 2005). The flora and fauna that immigrant settlers found here is one of the most specific in the world. In southern Africa, 12% of plant species are endemic (Willis et al. 1996, in Mehta 2000).Moreover, the floristic region of the Cape is one of only six on Earth (Branch, 2005). The importance of maintaining the integrity of South African Cape ecosystem cannot be understated. However, many invasive species have invaded the bioregion and caused concern, beginning in the 1700s. At this time, immigrant settlements that came to South Africa began practises of irrigation and livestock raising that negatively affected soil nutrition and made the soil thinner. Consequently, native vegetation species diminished due to poor soil quality (Mehta, 2000). That trend has continued and become multifaceted, affecting both land and ocean species. Negative Impacts of Alien Species on Land Indeed, the most widely studied intruders on the South African Cape

Consumer Motives for Charity Donations

Consumer Motives for Charity Donations 1. Introduction Consumer motives and behaviour into donating to charity in general is a topic that is known to have a lack of research, creating an issue of ambiguity for charitable organisations. Most research existing is based on cause related marketing, the cooperative alliances between charities and corporations to gain charity funding, yet little in depth research exists on the area of personal financing from consumers in the form of donations. With figures from 2001 showing that the top 25 UK companies gave  £102 million to charity, with as much as  £31 million per donation, it is evident that it is most probably the case that the percentage of charity financing does come from corporations, at least for the larger corporations with many strategic alliances in the sector (Smith J. , n.d.). Although this should not mean that other areas of financing should be overlooked; particularly in a society in which social responsibility is growing in importance. Furthermore, neglecting this area of fi nancing could eventually change the entire focus and structure of charities, leaving the individual consumers out of the equation altogether. But of upmost importance is the fact that as stated by Patrick Cox, Chief Executive of the Small Charities Coalition, â€Å"cash donations are usually the primary source of fundraising income for small organisations†, suggesting that a failure to correctly understand consumer behaviour could lead to the diminishment of the small charity (Critchly, 2009). However, also considered within this research is the issue of consumer confidence in donating, whether consumer beliefs of misallocating financing, bureaucracy, and red tape is a significant factor in charity size preferences. Therefore this report serves the purpose of researching consumer motives in personal individual charitable contributions, examining whether these motives differ by the size of the organisation; in this research size is defined by the focus of the charity, being local based, national based or international based, therefore focusing on where the funds are placed as opposed to the actual numerical size of the organisation. The hypothesis to be tested is that consumer behaviour indicators change according to the size of the organisation. However, this research will only be based on the donative non-profit unit of the charities, meaning that it will only investigate the significance upon individual consumer contributions, and not any other areas of financing such as corporation or other organisational or governmental funding. Additionally, this research will not take into account the contributions made in the form of legacies. The study itself is based upon a model of charitable giving behaviour, which has been formed in consideration of other models of consumer behaviour, but also taking into account the information available in the field of charitable consumer behaviour. The model considers the areas of organisational inputs, psychological attachment, consumer confidence and experience alongside a selection of extrinsic determinants, namely consumer demographic factors. Quantitative research methods in the form of an online survey are adopted to test this model, in which 196 respondents are questioned. It becomes apparent that this research project has a large scale in terms of aims and objectives and what it is trying to prove. This study can be considered to be a smaller version of the big picture, in the sense that in reality the study would be much larger scale, with many researchers on board to investigate the topic. A UK wide study is generally a large project in terms of the amount of research needed to be conducted, however given the resource limitations of this study, the results found will merely provide an insight into differences and trends, for researchers to base further studies upon. Regardless, this study is considered to be of upmost importance in adding valuable consumer behavioural research to the field, a field in which studies are in general very sparse. 2. Literature Review A non-profit organisation is typically defined as one which has a â€Å"non-distribution constraint† (Hansmann, 1987, p. 28) , allowing firms to make surplus profits, however not to distribute financial resources to controllers of the organisation in the form of dividends and such, but to retain profits for other allocations. This idea is vital to the understanding of economic, financial and consumer dynamics of the sector. As Powell and Steinberg (2006) elucidate, the theories and models surrounding the economics of the non-profit sector create a great deal of confusion, since the basic ideas of profit maximisation do not apply, and it is assumed that any deviation from this ideal is considered market failure. It is difficult to believe that consumers, with their normally selfish economic motives, can have in reality such altruistic motives. However it is the case that these motives can be linked to fulfilling a consumer emotive need. Whilst the non-distribution constraint serves as a definition, it is not necessarily true to reality, since in the non-profit sector operational costs amount and the issue of rising administrative and fundraising costs becomes apparent in todays media. Administrative costs, whilst unavoidable, are certainly thought to be excessive in the industry, perhaps causing mistrust amongst consumers. It is thought that consumers expect the administration to charitable expenditure to be 20:80 (Kahler Sargeant, 2002); however research by Harvey and McCrohan (1998, cited in Kahler Sargeant, 2002) found that consumers are satisfied with a minimum of 60% of revenues reaching the final end cause, begging the question that if this is indeed the case, is consumer confidence in charity financing such an issue?  Ã‚   Either way, it is certainly the case that consumers are kept in the dark on the optimum level of relevant cost and efficiency margins. Escalating matters further, the body for regulatin g the UK charity sector, the Charity Commission, as â€Å"the sanctions for inefficient behaviour are not automatic† (Levaggi, 1995, p. 285).   Administrative costs compared to total expenditure appear to have a negative correlation to the size of the charity, meaning that the administrative costs are higher as a percentage when expenditures are less as can be seen in the figure below. This is perhaps not the common belief of consumers, with smaller charities being seen as less wasteful by consumers, proven by a survey initiated by Third Sector (Wiggins, 2010). Regardless of attempting to isolate consumers actual beliefs, attitudes and assumptions, research by NFP Synergy has confirmed that most individuals within the UK public do not have confidence in charitable organisations, with confidence dropping by 9% to only 41% (Hummerston, 2008). The involvement of ‘for profit companies with ‘non-profit organisations is normally in the form of cause related marketing, which according to Varadarajan and Menon is â€Å"the process of formulating and implementing marketing activities that are characterised by an offer from the firm to contribute a specific amount to a designated cause when customers engage in revenue providing exchanges that satisfy organisational and individual objectives† (Varadarajan Menon, 1988, p. 60). This form of voluntary contribution is more likely to occur with the larger charities as opposed to the smaller ones; furthermore it must be considered that the willingness to contribute and the motivations backing the decision is very much different to that of a general consumer, since although consumers are led to believe that companies engage in Corporate Social Responsibility for good causes, of course the bottom line concern is profit maximisation. According to Hansmann (1980), the non-profit sector can be separated into two different forms of organisations according to their dynamics; donative and commercial non-profits, and it is the non-distribution constraint which creates confidence that the money is being resourcefully and properly allocated. However since the service is not visually seen to be conducted by the consumer who donates, there could be issues with contract failure, or at least perceived contract failure; this is thought to be less of an issue with larger organisations as the sheer governance structure secures confidence (Wiliamson, 1979). Yet in any case there exists a corporation charter and legal framework to provide assurance. Although it must be questioned that due to the non-distribution constraint in larger companies whilst profits are not dispersed among management, there would be a much broader structure of employees, and hence remuneration and bureaucratic structure. Additionally, this ambiguity of th e constitute of financing appears to be a common cause for concern amongst consumers, with research showing that 51% of the UK public would give more if they knew where the money is spent (Wiggins, 2009). Existing research into the consumer behaviour of charity linked products tends to be research based on the field of cause related marketing, rather than the individual end consumers behavioural characteristics into products that are not linked with ‘for profit companies, such as donations and organisation branded purchases. Present research solely into non-profit organisations tends to be based on commercial non-profits such as nursing, hospital care and education institutions, where results and service can clearly be seen and evidently proved. Thus far, in the case of non-profits as a whole, research into the effects of product type and donation magnitude on willingness to contribute by Strahilevitz (1999) found that the effect of product type, hedonistic or utilitarian, is affected mainly by large donations rather than small donations; Illustrating the idea that consumers are more willing to by a hedonistic product if it is linked to a large donation rather than a smaller one . Furthermore research by Bearden and Etzel (1982) shows that charity linked purchases can be considered to meet the need to belong to an ‘aspiration group. Notable also is the peer pressure relating to the group to remain a member by exerting the appropriate philanthropic behaviours. There also appears to be a difference in contributions by age group as found by Kotler and Andreasen (1996), Foster and Meinhard (1997) add to this with results showing a difference in the preferred medium of contribution methods by age group. In addition, charitable donations could be seen as a result of guilt for a lack of ethical actions in ones life (Burnett and Lunsford, 1994, cited in Bonsu, Main, Wilner, 2008). Information of where the money is going is a important decisive factor in repurchasing according to recent research by Proenca and Pereira (2008), showing that perhaps the commercial advertising sector of non-profit organisations is of high importance for maintaining an effective c ommunications mix, as a channel of information for the consumer, increasing transparency of resource allocation and achievements. Understanding and guidance can be found from basic ideologies of consumer behaviour as a starting point. However one must remember that the purchase is for someone elses benefit rather than the consumer of the product. Buying decisions can be considered to relate to Maslows hierarchy of needs, since the consumer decision psychologically involves a need recognition, which would be related to one of the tiers of the hierarchy, namely physiological, safety, belongingness, self esteem, and self actualisation. In Maslows model we can relate charitable contributions as self actualisation, â€Å"the desire to become all that one is capable of†, although according to the theory the need is the highest of the hierarchy and can only be achieved once all others have been fulfilled. (Koontz Weihrich, 2008, p. 291). Scramms model of communication (1955, cited in Smith, 2002) shows how consumer behaviour can be related to the marketing communications, since attitudes and perceptions are ba sed on the message received by the consumer from the brand. Therefore we can question the extent of communication messages occurring in smaller non-profit firms, since it is evident that larger organisations participate in much more marketing activities. Moreover, general motives of consumer behaviour are thought to be linked to the personality of the consumer and how it directs actions. â€Å"Self-monitoring relates to self-presentation and reflects the degree to which one adjusts ones behaviour according to social cues† (Snyder, 1974, cited in Grace Griffin, 2006, p. 4). Consumers rating high in the self monitoring scale tend to be more aware and respondent to what others do within a social circle; as such they are more likely to donate if it is the social norm, creating circles of influence. Consumer behaviour is a field of study that has only been in existence since the 1960s, and as such there are many elements that have not yet been theorised. Most models are in reference to the process of decision making, rather than the behavioural characteristics that resolve the decision process to buy a certain product. However, we must consider the extent that one could ever understand the mind of the buyer; research trends would of course only show a generalisation of the sample, and of course the mindset will change by product, making studying behavioural characteristics increasingly difficult. Well acclaimed theorist Nicosia (1966, cited in Baker et al, 1988), was among the first to present a model in this field, flowcharting the process of decision making, with the steps from a consumer being exposed to a communication message, to purchasing and having a recognised post purchase experience. Andreasens Model (1965, cited in Argyris, 1988) added to this, introducing the realms of attitude factors to the process, revolving around attitude formation and change occurring to changing external stimulus. A common issue of theorists and psychology in general is the issue that one will never know what is inside the consumers ‘black box, their psychological mindset in decision making, one can only allude to it. The Engel, Kollat and Blackwell (1968, cited in Baker et al, 1988) model refers to the ‘black box as a central control unit, which consists of motives and response traits,   including many factors such as perceptions, values, and past experience behavioural characteristics. Present teachings of consumer behaviour tend to refer to a uniform model depicting and grouping the elements that influence behaviour; these are namely cultural, social, personal and psychological factors (Kotler, Wong, Saunders, Armstrong, 2005). Baker (Baker et al, 1988) has produced the most thorough model of buyer behaviour, a composition of all of the above theorists, in which the decision making characteristics can be clearly defined. The equation is as follows: P=f(SPPC, EC, IS, PF, CBBR) In which a purchase (P) can be defined as a function of selective perception (SP) and the behavioural response (BR) of enabling conditions (EB), information search (IS), precipitating circumstances (PC) and cost-benefit analysis (CB) factors combined. So whilst it is relatively unknown what is involved in the consumer decision making process, there are a number of key areas that can be alluded to for investigation, that appear in most models. In reference to charitable giving behaviours, treating the non-profit sector as anything other than one general research topic is uncommon, with researchers rarely distinguishing any sub categorisation of organisations, however some current findings are valid for the basis of understanding the differentials in motives and behaviours. It is known and studied that charities may take on a certain pseudo-human personality and hence certain personality traits can aid marketing efforts (Sargeant, Hudson, West, Conceptualizing brand values in the charity sector:the relationship between sector, cause and organization, 2008), based on the generalised theories of corporate personalities by McEnally de Chernatony (1999) and Palmer (1996); It was found that the traits held trends based upon the cause, sector and corporate cultural distinctions of the charity, which of course may differ by the various charity focuses and size. Sargeant (1999) , based on all existing knowledge in the field, crea ted a model of donating behaviour, shown below, in which an idea to factors influencing the decision process are elucidated. The issues that have particular relevance to examining the difference by charity size are namely the extrinsic determinants and perceptual reaction factors. However it must be noted that whilst the intrinsic determinants could apply to any charitable cause, the inputs in the form of marketing and communications can greatly affect the feelings of the consumer. Yet it must be noted that this model has yet to be tested, and is merely a portrayal of previous literature in the field. So whilst information and research is readily available and vast on the non-profit sector as a whole, research tends to be focused on either the cooperation of non-profit and for-profit firms using cause related marketing. That which differs from that area s mainly rooted in the service industry in the form of commercial non-profits and most other existing research on the consumer behaviour of non-profit companies is very shallow, not delving into the motivations and issues of consumer behaviour. There is as of yet, no existing published research that compares the size of the non-profit organisation with the behavioural constraints and patterns, in particular with regards to solely donative non-profits. 3. Industry Analysis 3.1. Revenue Analysis: The Importance of Individual Contributions in the Non-Profit Industry The structural makeup of the non-profit industry is much like any other, whilst we regularly hear about and are bombarded with advertising communications from the corporate giants in the trade, the reality is that in terms of numbers, these large firms are a tiny percentage of the industry, yet account for the majority of the total revenues, which can be seen in the charts below. According to the Charities Aid Foundation, the total amount donated by individuals in the year between 2009 and 2010 was  £10.6 billion excluding income in the form of legacies, which constitutes around one fifth of revenues in the sector, which was  £52 billion in the same year (Charities Aid Foundation, 2010; Philanthrophy UK, 2010). There forth, the importance of individual giving is high.   Looking towards giving patterns in the United Kingdom, we can see the importance of certain donor groups with the statistics that 54% of the population donated in a typical month in the years 2008 and 2009, with the median amount given being  £10; However the importance of the larger donations can be seen with 7% contributing more than  £100 per month, which equates to just less than 50% of charitable donations from the public (Booth, 2010). Interestingly, looking at the amount of money donated as a percentage of total income, â€Å"the top fifth of households give less than 1% of t heir income, while the poorest give 3%† (National Council for Voluntary Organisations, 2010). Regardless, the United Kingdom in relation to the rest of the world is one of the most generous countries, ranking 8th in the World Giving Index of 2010, which is measured upon the proportion of the public who had given to charity, helped a stranger and given time to those in need (Charities Aid Foundation, 2010). Interesting to discover in terms of the relevance of the research conducted within this report, is the importance of individual giving from the general public to the various size and focus groups of charities. Whilst the statistics show that overall it is of great importance, it may be that other areas of financing are of more importance for different sized charities; it would be thought that corporate donations and corporate social responsibility partnerships would be more important to the large international focused organisation than the small localised one. The above table shows research into the financial revenues of charitable organisations, attempting to decipher if there are differences in where the finance comes from between the three different types of charities, those with an international, national or local focus. This research study is not concerned with the numerical size of the organisation, but size in terms of the geographical spread of the benefits. In order to ensure validity of results, all of the charities included are of the same concern; all work in the child poverty sector and are focused on the enhancement of childrens lives. Since it may be the case that financing trends vary according to the type of charity, for example a medically focused charity would received a great deal more revenues from governmental organisations than most. Noticeable in researching this topic was that most charitable organisations do not release enough information to the public in the annual reports about where the revenue comes from, with only a handful of organisations providing enough information to be included in this study. This is even more apparent in the case of finding data for local charities. The results are fairly inconclusive in finding a strong trend in the revenue breakdown yet we can make some conclusions based on the findings. What can be seen is that the international organisations tend to receive a larger percentage in individual general public donations than the other forms of organisations. Regarding corporate and governmental contributions, what is evident is that international and even national organisations, which tend to be larger and better known, receive a great deal more in corporate donations. Whilst local charities receive a great deal of income from other sources, a particular observation is that they are mostly funded through other charitable organisations and non-governmental grants such as the national lottery funding. It could very well be that the local and even the smaller national charities do not have a strong enough presence in the world of media through advertising to gain sufficient individual contributions from the public. The averages can be seen depicted in the charts below. 3.2. An Outside Glance of Consumer Trust and Confidence The purchase decision to donate to charity, much like any ‘for profit industry, involves a great deal of trust and confidence elements on the consumers part to work through the stages of decision making to finally decide to make a purchase. We can even go as far to say that the element of trust in donating is even more prominent than in other industries, since when consumers make a purchase decision, they are not receiving a ‘physical product that they can feel post purchase satisfaction with, they are simply expected to believe the benefits of their purchase and that their money is being used well. It is often the case with most charities that a donation does not merit the information as to what activity or campaign it is being used for, limiting the knowledge even further, and thus possibly affecting trust. A consumer study survey conducted by Read Data Asset Management Group in 2010 showed that 42% of consumers would trust charities with their personal data â€Å"which is in stark contrast to government who were least trusted by 36%† (Read Data Asset Management Group Plc, 2010, pg 3). This is an interesting find in terms of confidence since the security of personal data is such a hot topic these days, with the public being incredibly cautious. The same study also examined reasons consumers would stop supporting a charity, finding that the highest rated responses were wasting money on marketing efforts, over contacting consumers and overly emotional marketing communications. These results are quite contradictory to reality since these tend to be the actions taken by the well known large charities, which are also the charities that are most popular amongst donors. We can also consider consumer trust and confidence levels not to be standardised across the industry; it may be that d istrust stems from certain charity types or causes. There are a great number of ‘pop up charities, created for crisis appeals, which are not well known or established as an entity and as such may not be as trusted. There is also the concern that such charities are started purely to merit the trustees a high wage. Consumer confidence can be greatly positively influenced by the presence of governmental regulatory bodies, rules and standards within industries. The past decade has seen a dramatic incline in the efforts to regulate and increase transparency, since the likes of the Enron scandal and other highly publicised fraudulent business operations, resulting in the development of the Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002 to secure the business environment for consumers, and many UK equivalent legal regulations to the same context. Charities, akin to all organisations are required by law to abide to certain legal provisions. The United Kingdom adopted the EU Transparency Directive in 2007, which serves to promote appropriate disclosure of information, with the main areas of focus being â€Å"periodic financial reporting and disclosure of major shareholdings† (Ashurst, 2007). Supplementary to the above menti

Arrow of Time: Towards a New Epistemology of Science :: Scientific Philosophy Philosophical Papers

Arrow of Time: Towards a New Epistemology of Science ABSTRACT: Humanity has tried to comprehend two fundamental events since time immemorial: the birth of the universe and the emergence of life. Recently, it is claimed that these events can be understood comprehensively by means of a metaphor: the 'arrow of time.' The purpose of the present paper is twofold: (1) to build an epistemological structure that underlies the principle of time's arrow; and (2) to pursue the unity of science in a novel fashion. (A) WHAT IS AN ARROW OF TIME? The events which we see in the universe are classified into two categories: the reversible and the irreversible. The arrow of time is relevant to the latter than the former. It is alongwith the reversible-irreversible syndrome that a major light can be thrown on the notion of time's arrow. Concept of Reversibility The reversible events are those which occur regularly and repeatedly, the cycles of seasons, harvesting , pendulum swinging in a frictionless medium , the motion of earth and the moon , are some of the examples. Reversibility is an idealized concept . A process is said to be reversible if and only if the system which undergoes that process together with all parts of its environment which are affected, can be restored reproducibly to their original states. In short, in the reversible process all relevant parts of the universe must be capable of being put back to how they were! Time is not so considered to be an important ingredient in this system. The entire Newtonian Science is of this sort. Newton's laws , Maxwell's equations, Einstein's general relativity and even quantum mechanics- all remain effectively unaltered if we reverse the direction of time ( Replace the ' t ' which represents time by '-t' ). Even in life and the social sciences, time is not considered to be important com ponent in these system of knowledge. The notion of time's arrow is very important in the context of irreversible processes. Irreversibility defined Irreversibility is the negation of reversibility. It is a realistic notion. Moreover, it is the one-way time evolution of the system, giving rise to the non-repetitive , non-cyclic processes or events. The examples are , mixing a milk in the coffee, transfer of heat from a hotter body to a cooler one, chemical changes, the state of turbulence and chaos, rhythms, non-equilibrium systems, metabolism etc. Irreversibility is an open system in the sense that it interacts with its surrounding area and evolves simultaneously.

The Importance of Career Planning in Industry

the importance of Career Planning in industry. Career planning involves efforts on the part of the organizations to provide avenues for growth to its employees. Certainly this growth should be accompanied by development. The other side of the coin is the role of employees in career planning. It involves effort on the part of employees to clearly think through and decided areas in which they would like to make a career for themselves. When employees have assessed their career needs and have become aware of organizational career opportunities, the problem is one of alignment. The crucial role has to be played by HRD in ensuring this alignment to build up morale in the organization. A systematic choice of development techniques like training, special assignment, counseling and rotational assignments should be made to ensure this alignment. Employees are often uncertain as to the type of work that would suit them best. There are a number of evaluation instruments available to determine basic aptitudes. Human Resource Development Managers should be able to guide employees by administering these instruments on them. Employees should also find out whether they are loners or socially active. These exercises with some assistance from HRD Managers should help in career need assessment. At certain stage the upward mobility stops for many employees. This is inescapable in view of pyramid organizations structure. This phenomenon is called plateauing. It takes place around the age f 40. Some suggested measures to deal with such employees are: ? Mentors should be assigned measures to deal with such employees. Depending on the maturity of such mentors, good results can be achieved in assuaging the hurt feelings of plateaued employees ? Additional career ladders could be established to retain some valuable resource. Giving them importance by assigning them to some important task force or committee. ? Assisting them to choose a new career. Some organizations assist their plateau executives to start their own business. Career path models developed by a large public sector undertaking: This organization has developed career paths models for the major discipline †¢ Sales †¢ Technical services †¢ Operations †¢ Engineering †¢ Aviation †¢ LPG †¢ Finance †¢ Personnel Career path models have not been drawn for the disciplines like materials, public relations, training, etc. areer path models have been evolved to provide direction to career progression of officers. It forms the basis for placement, transfer, rotation etc. so that the officers are prepared for higher responsibilities progressively and the experience they gain becomes cumulative rather than respective. The most distinguishing feature of these career path model are the stress on jib rotation and testing the incumbent in a different environment to enhance his coping capability before giving him a higher position in the hierarchy.

Hobbies Vocabulary for English Learners

Hobbies Vocabulary for English Learners Speaking about hobbies is an important part of any English class. As with any activity, hobbies can have lots of jargon, specific expressions, and idioms related to the particular hobby. This guide to hobbies vocabulary will help learners discuss hobbies using a wider range of vocabulary for more precision. Learn vocabulary in groups arranged by hobby types.   Hobbies Vocabulary Study List Discover with your partner each of the hobby types below. If you dont know the hobby, look the hobby up on the internet to discover photos and other clues to learn about that hobby. Try to use each hobby type in a short sentence to explain the hobby. Collecting Arts Crafts Model Electronic Action FiguresAntiquesAutograph CollectingCar CollectingCoin CollectingComic BooksConcert PostersDoll CollectingFine Art CollectingHot Wheel and Matchbox CarsMangaMovie MemorabiliaMusic MemorabiliaSpoon CollectingSports CollectiblesSports Trading CardsStamp CollectingVinyl RecordsWatch CollectingGun and Pistols AnimationArchitectureCalligraphyCandle MakingCrochetFilm MakingGardeningJewelry MakingOrigamiPhotographySewingSculptingCeramics / PotteryFashion DesignFloristryGraffitiKnittingPaper AirplanesPainting and DrawingQuiltingScrapbookingWoodworkingTattoo Ham RadioRC BoatsRC CarsRC HelicoptersRC PlanesRoboticsScale ModelsModel CarsModel AirplanesModel RailroadingModel RocketsModel Ship / Boat Kits Performing Arts Music Food Drink DancingBalletBreak DancingLine DancingSalsaSwingTangoWaltzActingJugglingMagic TricksPuppetryStand Up Comedy BanjoBass GuitarCelloClarinetDrum SetFrench HornGuitarHarmonicaOboePiano / KeyboardTrumpetTromboneViolinViolaRappingSingingStart A Band BartendingBeer BrewingBeer TastingCigar SmokingCheese TastingCoffee RoastingCompetitive EatingCookingLiquor DistillationHookah SmokingSpirits / Liquor TastingSushi MakingTea DrinkingWine MakingWine TastingSake TastingGrilling Pets Games CatsDogsParrotsRabbitsReptilesRodentsSnakesTurtlesFishkeeping Arcade GamesBall and JacksBilliards / PoolBoard GamesBridgeCard GamesCard TricksChessDominoesFoosballGeocachingJigsaw PuzzlesKite Flying / MakingMah JongPinball MachinesPokerTable Tennis - Ping PongVideo Games Individual Sports Team Sports Martial Arts Outdoor Activities Board Sports Motor Sports Archery Acrobatics Badminton Bodybuilding Bowling Boxing Croquet Cycling Diving Golf Gymnastics Fencing Horseback Riding Ice Skating Inline Skating Pilates Running Swimming Squash Tai Chi Tennis Weight Training Yoga basketballbaseballfootballcricketvolleyballsoccerwater polo AikidoJiu JitsuJudoKarateKung FuTaekwondo BirdwatchingCampingFishingHikingHuntingKayak and CanoeMountain BikingMountain climbingPaintballRiver RaftingRock ClimbingSailingScuba DivingFly FishingBackpacking KitesurfingSkateboardingSkiingSnowboardingSurfingWindsurfing AutoracingGo KartsMotocrossMotorcycle - TouringMotorcycle StuntsOff Road DrivingSnowmobiling Hobbies Vocabulary Exercises Use one of the hobby types to fill in the gap in the descriptions below. collectingmodels and electronicsperforming artsfood drinkgamesindividual sportsteam sportmartial artsoutdoor activity  board sportsmotorsports __________  requires you to find as many as possible of one type of thing such as baseball cards, or vinyl records.Arcade _____ include pinball machines and a wide variety of computer games that are played in a large room.You play a ________ if you play basketball, soccer or water polo.Snowboarding and windsurfing are types of ____________.If you like bartending and cooking you look _________.Head to the mountains to enjoy _________ such as kayaking, river ​rafting, and rafting.  ___________ such as snowmobiling and go karts can be rather expensive, especially if you dont know how to repair vehicles.  Some people prefer ______________ rather than team sports. These include boxing, fencing and golf.  People all over the world practice ________ such as Kung Fu and Aikido.  _________________ often include building your own model.  People who sing, act or dance participate in the _______________.   Answers collectingmodel and electronicsperforming artsfood drinkgamesindividual sportsteam sportmartial artsoutdoor activity  board sportsmotorsports Match the hobby or activity to the definition. In some cases, a number of hobbies may be correct. This is a type of dancing that comes from Vienna.This is an activity that involves smoking something that looks like a long, brown stick.This is an activity that involves making small reproductions of airplanes.You play this instrument with a bow.In order to keep these pets you shouldnt be queasy.This is an individual sport that can calm you, as well as keep you in shape.You might climb Everest if you do this hobby.Ride a motorized vehicle with two wheels for this hobby.If you collect this type of comic book, you might need to read Japanese.This hobby involves telling jokes.You must know poker and blackjack if you do this hobby.You must have a good relationship with animals to participate in this sport.This martial art comes from Korea.Fly down the snowy hill on a board with this hobby.Your partner will be stuffed if you take up this hobby. Answers WaltzCigar smokingModel airplanesViolin / Viola / CelloRodents / Snakes / ReptilesYoga / Tai Chi / PilatesMountain climbingMotocross / Motorcycle - Touring / Motorcycle StuntsMangaStand up comedyCard gamesHorseback ridingTaekwondoSnowboarding / SkiingCooking Using Hobby Vocabulary in Class Here are two suggestions on how you can use this list in classroom activities. If you dont attend an English class, you can certainly use these ideas on your own and with English learning friends. Give a Presentation Ask students to choose a hobby theyd like to learn.Ask students to develop a presentation on the hobby using PowerPoint or another slideshow program.   Extend the presentation by asking students to come up with their own gap fill activity to test fellow students on their presentation. 20 Questions Ask students to choose a hobby they know well.Have students get into small groups of three or four.Each student takes a turn. Other students should ask yes/no questions to find out the hobby in a game of 20 questions.

How to Test for Hyphenation in Phrasal Adjectives

How to Test for Hyphenation in Phrasal Adjectives How to Test for Hyphenation in Phrasal Adjectives How to Test for Hyphenation in Phrasal Adjectives By Mark Nichol One of the most frequent style errors among writers is the omission of one or more hyphens in a phrasal adjective, a phrase consisting of two or more words linked to show that they’re teaming up to modify a noun that follows them. There’s an easy test to help you see that the hyphen is necessary. When you write a phrase consisting of a noun preceded by two words describing the noun, confirm that the first and second word together modify the third, rather than that the second and third words constitute a compound noun modified by the first word. In the following sentence, for example, the latter holds true: â€Å"Indeed, the agency grants authority for community prevention efforts.† Here, â€Å"prevention efforts† is an open compound noun modified by community the sentence does not refer to efforts to prevent community so no hyphen is required. Also, note that not every phrasal adjective requires a hyphen. Many open compound nouns (for example, â€Å"high school,† â€Å"income tax,† and â€Å"real estate†) are so well established that they appear in dictionaries as terms in their own right and do not require hyphenation when they are converted into adjectives to modify a noun (for example, â€Å"high school student,† â€Å"income tax form,† and â€Å"real estate agent†). In a given sentence with a modified noun, ask yourself what kind of thing is being described, then hyphenate accordingly: 1. â€Å"This foundation has a feel good name.† What kind of a name does it have? One designed to make you feel good, not a good name that feels. So, it’s a feel-good name: â€Å"This foundation has a feel-good name.† 2. â€Å"The small Victorian beach town lifted a decades old ban.† What kind of a ban is it? One that has lasted for decades, not an old ban that is decades. So, it’s a decades-old ban: â€Å"The small Victorian beach town lifted a decades-old ban.† 3. â€Å"A truck and a car collided, triggering a seven vehicle crash.† What kind of crash was it? One involving seven vehicles, not a vehicle crash that is seven. So, it’s a seven-vehicle crash: â€Å"A truck and a car collided, triggering a seven-vehicle crash.† 4. â€Å"It’s the Bay Area’s fastest growing town.† What kind of town is it? One that is growing faster than any other, not a growing town that’s fastest. So, it’s the fastest-growing town: â€Å"It’s the Bay Area’s fastest-growing town.† 5. â€Å"The bumps have been causing two hour delays.† What kind of delays are they? Ones lasting two hours, not hour delays that are two. So, they’re two-hour delays: â€Å"The bumps have been causing two-hour delays.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Passed vs Past34 Writing Tips That Will Make You a Better Writer5 Erroneously Constructed â€Å"Not Only . . . But Also† Sentences

What are the key differences between the two major political parties Essay

What are the key differences between the two major political parties Democratic Party vs Republican Party - Essay Example Even though the issues affecting Americans have been recognized by the leadership of the two parties, it is the way to tackle such issues that has created two distinct categories of leadership styles all these years. This paper will closely examine the two parties’ policy approaches in the history of American democracy and find out the major differences that the said parties exhibit through the leaders they have often elected. The paper will try to establish if the two parties have influenced the way a democratic or a republican party elected presidential candidate is bound to approach the implementation of certain issues of public interest or even act on matters that face the country during their reign. There are quite a few of ideological differences based on the Republicans’ and the Democrats’ policies. Such differences were recently cited to have polarized the nation in the recently concluded elections in the United States that saw president Obama clinch a second term in office. To begin, the democrats have in a way tried to create a favorable environment for economic expansion, expanding individual opportunity and assisting the poor so that it has reduced the gap between the rich, the middle income earners, and the poor. The Republicans, however, believe that by the government creating a conducive environment or benefits, so to speak, only help in creating ‘a nation of takers’ (Harwood, 2013). This brings out the Republicans as those interested in making the richer become richer while the middle class and lower class citizens continue to find their path to economic empowerment. If this fact is anything to go by, then this might explain the incumbent pr esidents â€Å"coalition† that made his re-election possible. It is mostly the low income earners and the youth who formed a formidable force that propelled the presidents’ efforts for a second term in the White House. Steinhauer (2013) further elaborates this and states that due to subsequent victories by the Democrats for the presidential race that has been largely sparked by the voting pattern influenced by the rich Hispanic votes in favor of the Democrats, the Republicans have attempted to formulate a plan. For instance, they were pushing immigrants to immigrate to the U.S. or reside permanently if their stay was illegal. The Democrats, on the other hand, have discouraged immigration due to pressure on the existing resources. This push might be unrealistic but is a good indicator of the approaches the Republican Party has taken in reaction for the response such voters have always given to their initial policy stance (Fried, 2008). They have been known to push for s trict measures like deportation and use of electric fences and even use of excessive force to prevent illegal immigrants from entering the country. The economy has been a major battle front for the two parties. It is evident that the two parties have approached spending, for instance, in a different way. Many have cited that the Democrats have often struggled to repair a broken economy inherited from their Republican counterparts who have promoted massive spending, especially on the military. While the Democrats believe that America should be a self-sustaining model of financial spending by the federal government, the Republican version of self-sustenance has been to enormously spend on the military so that

Research design proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Design - Research Proposal Example It is important to denote that descriptive research is effective in providing information concerning the behavior or characteristics of a particular group. Furthermore, a descriptive study is always carried out for purposes of demonstrating an association between things surrounding the world. Looking at this research, the researcher it is descriptive in nature. This is because it requires a researcher to make observations on the factors that cause domestic violence amongst the Hispanic community, and thereafter come up with a more reliable and accurate conclusion concerning the issue. Furthermore this research is concerned with analyzing the relationship amongst individuals. Berk (2006) denotes that one of the major characteristic of a descriptive research design is that it used to analyze the association between two or more groups. On this research qualifies to be use the descriptive research design for purposes of achieving its mandate. In carrying out this research, the researcher will rely mostly on three very important tools of descriptive research design. These tools are, observational, survey, as well as case study approaches (Creswell and Clark, 2007). Under observational research, the researcher will have the responsibility of identifying a group of particular Hispanic households, and analyze their ways of life, this includes whether there is violence or not amongst the identified families. This would therefore force a researcher to choose a population, and on this basis, the best strategy of choosing the population would be the use of a simple random technique. That is, the researcher will identify a least ten households, and randomly choose five, for purposes of observing their ways of life. Under case study approaches, the researcher will mainly rely on secondary sources of data collection to achieve this objective (Creswell and Clark, 2007). The researcher will have to look at journals, books, and